Processes for the preparation of fluorinated olefins and hydrofluorocarbons using fluorinated olefin

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a cost effective and convenient process for the manufacture of fluorinated olefins of the formula RCF 2  CH=CH 2  where R is C x  Cl y  F z  and y+z=2x+1. The invention is also directed to a practical process for converting these olefins to hydrofluorocarbons via the catalyzed fluorination with hydrogen fluoride. Hydrofluorocarbons produced via this process have application as solvents among other uses.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a cost effective and convenient process for the manufacture of fluorinated olefins of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1 which may be used as starting materials for the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbons. The invention is also directed to a practical process for converting these olefins to hydrofluorocarbons via catalyzed fluorination with hydrogen fluoride. The hydrofluorocarbons produced via this process have utility, among other things, as solvents.

Traditionally, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) like trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) have been used as solvents, refrigerants, blowing agents and diluents for gaseous sterilization. These materials, however, are suspect since they are believed to contribute to the stratospheric ozone depletion problem. The fluorocarbon industry has therefore focused its attention on developing stratospherically safer alternatives to these materials. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's) like CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F (HFC-356mcfq), which has been identified as a solvent, are candidate replacement materials since they have no ozone depletion potential, contribute negligibly to global warming and offer substantially the same performance advantages such as nonflammability. As a result, methods for the manufacture of these materials need to be developed.

A few methods for the manufacture of compounds of the formula RfCH=CH₂ where Rf is C_(n) F_(2n+1) are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,573 and Brace et.al., Effect of a perfiuoroalkyl group on the elimination and substitution reactions of two homologous series of perfluoroalkyl-substituted iodoalkanes, 49 J. Org. Chem., 2361 (1984). These references disclose the addition of a perfluoroalkyl iodide to ethylene to yield RfCH₂ CH₂ l, followed by dehydroiodination to provide the olefin, RfCH=CH₂. This method is convenient only for the preparation of small quantities of materials because of the prohibitively high cost of the perfluoroalkyl iodide.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,889,379 ('379 patent), 4,798,818 ('818 patent), and 4,465,786 ('786 patent) disclose the preparation of CF₃ CH=CH₂ by the catalyzed vapor phase fluorination of various halogen-containing C₃ compounds such as CCl₃ CH₂ CH₂ Cl. These references however, do not teach or suggest that higher molecular weight homologs can be prepared by this method.

The halogen exchange in the precursors to the fluorinated olefins of our invention is dissimilar to the halogen exchange reported in these references. That is, the references are replacing the chlorine in a --CCI₃. group with fluorine while we are replacing the chlorine in a --CF₂ CCI₂ CH₂ group with fluorine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,007 discloses the liquid phase antimony pentachloride catalyzed fluorination with HF of CCI₃ CH₂ CH₂ CI (the same compounds used in the '379, '818 and '786 patents) to provide CF₃ CH₂ CH₂ CI at reaction temperatures of about 85° C. However, the liquid phase antimony pentachloride catalyzed fluorination with HF of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl (a precursor of the fluorinated olefins of our invention) even at substantially higher reaction temperatures failed to result in even modest fluorination. That is, of the product recovered, 97% was starting material. See Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

As far as methods for the synthesis of HFC's from fluorinated olefins is concerned, Henne et al., Influence of a CF₃ group on an adjacent double bond, 72 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 3369 (1950) report that the CF₃ group in CF₃ CH=CH₂ adversely affects the rate of addition of acids, HX where X is Br or Cl, to the carbon-carbon double bond. That is, Lewis acid catalysts and elevated temperatures are required to force these additions and even then modest yields and/or conversions may be obtained.

We have discovered: 1) a novel method for the production of fluorinated olefins and 2) a novel method for the manufacture of various HFC's using these fluorinated olefins as starting materials which overcome the drawbacks of the prior art processes discussed above.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, in part, to a cost effective and convenient processfor the manufacture of compounds of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ whereR is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z-2x+1. Preferably, the invention relates to preparation of compounds of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and where x≦4 and y≦2 such as CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂, CF₃ CF₂ CF₂ CH=CH₂, and (CF₃)CFCF₂ CH=CH₂ comprising:

a) reacting a compound of the formula RCX_(a) F_(b) ; where R=C_(m) X_(n) F_(o), m≦4, n≦2, m+o=2m+1, X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, and b=0-1, with ethylene in the presence of an addition catalyst and a solventunder conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 anda+b=3;

b) reacting a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a +b=3r with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a fluorination catalyst under conditions sufficient to producea compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y)F_(z) where y+z=2x+1; and

c) recovering a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1.

The starting material for the addition reaction, i.e., ethylene and compounds of the formula RCX_(a) F_(b) ; where R=C_(m) X_(n) F_(o), m≦4, n≦2, m+o=2m+1, X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1, and a+b=3 are commercially available from AlliedSignal Inc. or other domestic chemical manufacturers. Alternately, they may be synthesized by methods well known in the art. Suitable halogenated starting materials include, but are not limited to,: CF₃ CCl₃, CF₂ ClCFCl₂, CF₃ CF₂ CCl₃, ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₃, CCl₃ CF₂ CCl₃, CF₂ BrCF₂ CFBr₂, CF₃ CCl₂ CF₂ CCl₃, (CF₃)(CF₂ Cl)CFCCl₃, (CF₃)₂ CFCCl₃, ClCF₂ CFClCF₂ CFCl₂. Preferred starting materials include: CF₃ CCl₃, CF₂ ClCFCl₂, ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₃ and CCl₃ CF₂ CCl₃.

Any commercially available catalyst known in the art to be useful in catalyzing the addition of halocarbons to olefins may be employed. Suitable addition catalysts include, but are not limited to, copper (I) salts such as cuprous chloride and cuprous iodide, iron (11) salts such asferrous chloride and ferrous acetate, and metal carbonyls such as iron carbonyl and cobalt carbonyl. Cuprous chloride is preferred. Optionally, any well known co-catalyst useful in catalyzing the addition of halocarbons to olefins may be employed in the reaction. Suitable addition co-catalysts include aliphatic or aromatic amines such as pyridine and diethylamine.

Any inert solvent which can dissolve the catalyst and is miscible with the halocarbon may be used in the reaction. Suitable solvents include, but arenot limited to, commercially available low molecular weight nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, low molecular weight alcohols such as tertiary butanol and isopropanol, and amides such as dimethylformamide. Acetonitrile is preferred because of ease of handling and stability.

The temperature at which the addition reaction is conducted and the period of reaction will depend on the starting material and catalyst used. One ofordinary skill in the art can readily optimize the conditions of the reaction without undue experimentation to get the claimed results but the temperature will generally be in the range of from about 50° to about 150° C. for a period of from about 8-72 hours. When the starting material is one of the preferred compounds and the catalyst is cuprous chloride, the reaction may be conducted at a temperature of from about 80° -150° C. for a period of from about 24 to about 48hours. Preferably, such a reaction would be conducted at a temperature of from about 125° to about 150° C. for a period of from about 8 to about 30 hours.

Pressure is not critical.

Preferably the reaction is conducted in an apparatus made of corrosion resistant materials such as Teflon and glass.

Preferably, the addition product is recovered from by-products, solvent andcatalyst prior to the fluorination reaction to substantially eliminate the production of by-products in the fluorination step. Preferably, the addition product should be about 95% pure. More preferably, the addition product should be about 98% pure. The addition product may be recovered byany means well known in the art such as distillation and extraction. See, for example, Examples 1 and 2 below.

Compounds of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Clor Br, a=2-3, and b=0-1, a+b=3 are the starting material for the fiuorination reaction. They may be prepared as discussed above. Preferred starting materials include CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl, ClCF₂ CFClCH₂ CH₂ Cl, and ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl.

Commercially available hydrogen fluoride (HF) may be used in the fluorination reaction. Preferably, the HF is anhydrous. By "anhydrous" we mean that the HF contains less than about 1 wt % water and preferably contains less than about 0.5 wt % water and more preferably contains less than about 0.02 wt % water. HF suitable for use in the reaction may be purchased from AlliedSignal Inc. of Morristown, N.J.

Any well known vapor phase fluorination catalyst may be used in the fluorination reaction. Suitable fiuorination catalysts include the following catalysts and mixtures thereof: metal oxides such as chrome (111) oxide, supported metal oxides such as chrome (111) oxide supported on aluminum oxide or carbon and supported metal halides such as cobalt (11) chloride and nickel (11) chloride supported on carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminum fluoride, or a mixture of such support materials, such as a mixture of Cr₂ O₃ and AI₂ O₃. Chrome (111) oxide is preferred due to its level of reactivity and commercial availability. Suitable chrome (111) oxide catalysts may be purchased from Mallinckrodt Specialty Chemicals Co. of St. Louis, Mo.

Over time, the catalyst activity may diminish. In the case where such deactivation is caused by coking, the catalyst may be reactivated, for example, by heating in a stream of air or oxygen. If chrome (111) oxide isthe catalyst, following reactivation, the catalyst is preferably pretreatedaccording to the process set forth in Example 3a.

One of ordinary skill in the art can readily optimize the conditions of thereaction without undue experimentation to get the claimed results. Generally, the organics, HF and fluorination catalyst are reacted at a temperature in the range of from about 150° to about 350° C., preferably, from about 200° to about 275° C. and most preferably from about 225° to about 250° C. with a contact time of, for example, about 0.1 to about 240 seconds, preferably from about 1 to about 100 seconds and most preferably from about 5 to about 50 seconds. For purposes of this invention, contact time shall mean the time required for the gaseous reactants to pass through the catalyst bed assuming that the catalyst bed is 100% void.

The molar ratio of HF to organics will depend on the number of nonfluorine halogens in the starting material. Generally, the mole ratio of HF to organics will be from about 1 to about 30 moles HF per mole of nonfluorinehalogen present. See Examples 3-6.

Pressure is not critical. Atmospheric and super atmospheric pressure are the most convenient and are therefore preferred. In particular, high reaction pressure is desirable because it makes separation of the HF from HCl easier.

The reaction is preferably conducted in an apparatus made of corrosion resistant material such as Inconel or Monel.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a process for preparing HFC's comprising:

1) reacting a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1 with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of an antimony (V) halide catalyst under conditions sufficient toproduce a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) ; and y+z=2x+1. and

2) recovering a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F whereR is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1.

The fluorinated olefin starting material is selected based upon the desiredHFC to be produced. For example, if one wanted to produce CF₃ CF₂CH₂ CH₂ F, then one would use CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ as the starting material.

Any water in the HF will react with and deactivate the antimony (V) halide catalyst. Therefore, substantially anhydrous HF is preferred. By "substantially anhydrous" we mean that the HF contains less than about 0.05wt % water and preferably contains less than about 0.02 wt % water. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the presence of water in the catalyst can be compensated for by increasing theamount of catalyst used. HF suitable for use in the reaction may be purchased from AlliedSignal Inc. of Morristown, N.J.

Any antimony (V) halide, antimony (V) mixed halide, or mixtures of antimony(V) halide catalysts may be used in the fluorination reaction. Examples of antimony (V) halide catalysts include antimony pentachloride and antimony pentafluoride. Examples of antimony (V) mixed halides include SbCl₂ F₃ and SbBr₂ Cl₃. Examples of mixtures of antimony (V) halide catalysts include a mixture of antimony pentachloride and antimony pentafluoride. Antimony pentachloride is preferred because of its low costand availability.

The temperature at which the organics, hydrogen fluoride and fluorination catalyst are reacted is critical. If the temperature is too low (i.e., <-20° C.), the desired reaction is very slow, but if it is too high(i.e., >20° C.) undesirable side reactions occur, which include the reverse reaction, which reduces yield. Thus, it is preferred to run the reaction at a temperature of from about -20° to about 20° C.A reaction temperature of from about -10° to about 10° C. is more preferred and a reaction temperature of from about -5° to about 5° C. is most preferred.

The stoichiometric molar ratio of HF to organics in the fluorination reaction is 1:1. However, in order to dissolve the catalyst and control reaction temperature, the HF is preferably used in excess i.e., e.g., fromabout 10-20:1 HF:organics.

Atmospheric or superatmospheric pressure is preferred.

The reaction is preferably conducted in an apparatus made of corrosion resistant material such as Inconel, Monel or Teflon.

EXAMPLE 1

Addition of CF₃ CF₂ CCl₃ to ethylene to produce CF₃ CF₂ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl

A Teflon-lined autoclave was charged with 137 g. of cold CF₃ CF₂ CCl₃, 1 g Cul, 20 mL cold CH₃ CN, and 3 mL pyridine, and evacuated briefly. Ethylene (18.3 g) was then charged and the contents heated to 137° C. for 6 h. After allowing the contents to cool, thevolatiles were vented, and the contents were poured into 100 mL 1N HCl. Theorganic layer was washed with cold water (100 mL) and dried (CaCl₂). Distillation provided 87 g of a colorless liquid which was identified spectroscopically as CF₃ CF₂ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl (bp 71°-73° C. at 75-6 mm Hg). ¹ H NMR: equal intensity triplets at δ 3.93 and 2.82; ¹⁹ F NMR: -77.3 (3 F) and -117.5 (2 F) ppm; IR: strong bands at 1225, 1185, 1160 cm^('1). Gas chromatography determined that the product was 99.6% pure.

EXAMPLE 2

Addition of CF₃ CCl₃ to ethylene to produce CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl.

A 600 mL stirred Monel autoclave was charged with 30 mL CH₃ CN, 3 mL pyridine, 1 g Cul, and 199.6 CF₃ CCl₃. The contents were cooled to -29° C., the autoclave briefly evacuated, and charged with 24.4 g ethylene. The contents were then heated to 135°-145° C. for 22 h. After cooling the contents, the volatiles (unreacted ethylene) were vented. The residue was diluted with 300 mL water, and extracted with50 mL CH₂ Cl₂. The organic layer was then washed twice with 50 mL5% aqueous HCl, twice with 50 mL 5% NaOH, twice with 50 mL water and finally dried (CaCl₂). Distillation at 145 mm Hg gave 80 g (58% yield) of a colorless liquid which was identified spectroscopically as CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl (bp 102°-103 ° C.). ¹ H NMR: equal intensity triplets at δ 3.9 and 2.77; ¹⁹ F NMR: -81 (s) ppm; IR: strong bands characteristic of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ -- grouping at 1255, 1210, and 1180cm⁻¹. Gas chromatography determined that the product was 99% pure. CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl has utility as an intermediate in the preparation of fluorinated olefins of the invention which may be used to prepare hydrofluorocarbons. See Example 3 below.

EXAMPLE 3

Vapor phase fluorination of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl to produce CF₃ F2CH=CH₂.

(a) Catalyst Pretreatment. While maintaining a nitrogen flow of 350 mL/min through a 1 inch pipe reactor, pelletized chrome oxide (Cr₂ O₃),(available from Mallinckrodt Specialty Chemicals Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was heated to 350° C. at a rate of 50 C/h, maintained at 350° C.for 8 h, then cooled to 200° C. at a rate of 40 C/h. Liquid hydrogenfluoride was then metered in at a rate to keep the temperature below 250° C. (about 0.8 cc/min). After the exotherm had moved through the catalyst bed, the temperature was again increased to 350° C. ata rate of 50 C/h, and held at 350° C. for 2 h. Finally, the temperature was decreased to 250° C. at a rate of 50 C/h.

(b) Fluorination Reaction. The pretreated catalyst (150 cc) was heated to 250° C. in the reactor while passing HF into the reactor at 1.4 mL/min at an operating pressure of 50 psig. The organic, CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl, was then fed at 0.7 g/min (contact time 10sec). Gas chromatographic analysis of the reactor effluent indicated an 83%conversion of starting material. The products, which were collected in a -78° C. cold trap and identified by GC-MS, included CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ (23.4%), C4H₃ ClF₄ isomers (5.5%), CF₃CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl (4.4%), CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F (2.1%), and C₄ H₃ Cl₂ F₃ isomers (62.9%). The desired olefin, CF₃ F₂ CH=CH₂ (bp 3°-6° C.) was readily recovered in high purity from the crude product by bulb-to-bulb distillation. The C₄ H₃ Cl₂ F₃ isomers were later separated via distillation using a three-foot packed column, and identified as follows: fraction boiling at 95° -101° C. consisted of 10% CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F and CF₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl (86 and 4% respectively); fraction boiling at 101° C. consisted of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F (3%) and a mixture of cis- and trans- CF_(CF) ₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl (92 and5%). ¹ H NMR for CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F: δ 2.74 (dt, CH.sub. 2 CH₂ F, JH-F=18.6Hz, JH-H=6.3 Hz) and 4.83 (dt, CH₂ CH₂ F, JH-F=46.2 Hz, JH-H=6.3 Hz);¹⁹ F NMR:-80.7 and -222.4 ppm. ¹ H NMR for CF₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl: δ 6.61 (=CH, JH-H=7.2 Hz, JH-F=1.0 Hz) and 4.24 (CH₂ Cl, JH-H=7.2 Hz, JH-F=0.5 Hz); ¹⁹ F NMR: -70.6 ppm. Cis- and trans- CF₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl are useful as starting materials for the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbons which may application as solvents among other things.

(c) Recycle of underfluorinated (chlorinated by-products) materials.

The by-products recovered above, specifically a mixture containing 7.5% CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F and 92.3%: cis- and trans-CF₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl were placed into the reactor and then: passed over 150 cc of the catalyst at 50 psig and a temperature of 225° C. HF feed rate was 1.4 cc/min, while the organic feed rate was 0.7 g/min corresponding to a contact time of about 10 sec. Gas chromatographic analysis of the reactor effluent indicated that it was comprised of 79% CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂. This indicated to us that CF₃ CCl=CHCH₂ Cl must be an intermediate in the vapor phase fluorination of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl to CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂. Were it otherwise, the yield of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂would have been much lower, reflecting the fluorination of only 7.5% CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ F.

EXAMPLES 4-6

Vapor phase fluorination of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl to produce CF₃ F₂ CH=CH₂.

The experiment reported in Example 3 was repeated using the temperatures, pressures and contact times reported in Table I below.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                                      4         5      6                                                ______________________________________                                         Pressure (psig)                                                                               100         200    200                                          Temperature (C.)                                                                              200         225    250                                          Contact time(s)                                                                                18          32     30                                          Conversion (%)  60          73     79                                          Selectivity (%) for                                                            CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 F                                                          1           1      1                                           CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 CH═CH.sub.2                                                             22.1        18.1   23.4                                         CF.sub.3 CCl═CHCH.sub.2 Cl                                                                74.2        78.1   72.5                                         Other           2.7         2.8    3.1                                         ______________________________________                                    

These Examples show that there is a range of operating conditions that giveuseful quantities of a desired olefin.

EXAMPLE 7

Hydrofluorination of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ to produce CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F.

A stirred PTFE reactor, connected to a CaSO₄ drying tube, a caustic scrubber and a -78° C. cold trap, was charged with 3.2 g SbCl₅and 55.0 g HF at 0° C. Over a period of 4.75 h, 29.0 g CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ was bubbled into the HF solution. After stirring for an additional hour at 0° C., the dark red reaction mixture was poured cautiously into ice-cold 5% aqueous KOH. The lower light brown organic phase (18.2 g) was analyzed using gas chromotography and found to contain 70.0% CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F, 14.3% CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CHCl, and 15.7% of higher boiling materials (including 8-carbon compounds). Distillation of a larger sample of crude CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F provided pure material having the following properties: bp 44°-45° C., ¹ H NMR: δ 4.69 (dt, J=46.4 and 5.6 Hz, CH₂ F) and 2.45 (m, CF₂ CH₂); ¹⁹ FNMR: --87.1 (3 F), -118.6 (2 F, dt, J=17.8 and 6.4 Hz), and -223.1 (1 F) ppm.

The 8-carbon compounds produced as by-products in this reaction were identified by GC-MS as primarily isomeric olefins (2:1 ratio) of the molecular formula C8H6F 10. The major isomer was identified by NMR analysis as CH₂ =C(CF₂ CF₃)CH(CH₃)(CF₂ CF₃),while the minor isomer was CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH=C(CH₃)(CF₂ CF₃). ¹ H NMR for the major isomer: δ 1.3 (d, CH3, 3JH-H=7 Hz), 3.0 (m, --CH(CH₃), 5.8 (dt, =CHH, J=16 and 11 Hz), and 6.38 (dd, =CHH, J=16 and 9 Hz); ¹⁹ F NMR: -83.7 (s, 3 F), -87.1 (s, 3 F), -117.8 (d, 1 F), -118.0 (d, 1 F, J=11 Hz), -121.0 (dd, 1 F, J=271 and 11 Hz), and -124.6 (dd, 1 F, J=271 and 18 Hz) ppm. ¹ H NMR for the minor isomer: δ1.85 (s, 3 H), 3.0 (m, 2 H), and 6.15 (t, 1 H, J=7 Hz); ¹⁹ F NMR: -85.5 (s, 3 F), -86.9 (s, 3 F), -188.2 (t, 2 F, J=16 Hz), and -119.0 (s, 2 F) ppm.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

Fluorination of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl with HF/SbCl₅.

A monel autoclave was charged with 5.6 g SbCl₅, 29.8 HF, and 54.2 g CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl. The contents were stirred and heated to 175° C. for 14 h. The contents were vented into a causticscrubber, followed by a -78° C. cold trap. Product was recovered from the cold trap and the scrubber and analyzed using gas chromatography.Product recovered from the scrubber was identified as 40.8 g of starting material (98% purity). The 2.2 g of product from the cold trap also identified as primarily starting material.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

Fluorination of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl with HF/SbCl₅ at higher temperature.

The experiment outlined in Comparative Example 1 was repeated using the following materials and reaction conditions: 9.7 g SbCl₅, 36.2 g HF, 32.3 g CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl were mixed, stirred and heated at 225° C. for 14 h. Results similar to those reported in Comparative Example 1 were obtained; the scrubber contained 97% starting material, while the cold trap contained a small amount of CF₃ CCl₂ CH=CH₂ and a C₄ H₄ F₄ Cl₂ isomer. Thus,unlike CCl₃ CH₂ CH₂ Cl which fluorinated readily to CF₃CH₂ CH₂ Cl with HF and antimony pentachloride at modest temperature (85° C.) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,007), the CCl₂ groupin CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl was resistant to fluorination even at elevated temperature (>175° C.).

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3

Hydrofluorination of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂.

A monel autoclave was charged with 6.5 g SbF₅, 30 g HF, and 43.8 g CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂. The mixture was heated to 105° C. for 12 h. Venting the reaction mixture into a caustic scrubber, followed by cold traps, gave 33 g of product mixture, while the autoclave residue consisted of black liquid and solid. Gas chromatographic analysis of the 33 g of organic product indicated that it contained 54% CF₃ CF₃ CH₂ CH₂ F, 33% of a C₈ H₆ F₁₀ isomer, and 5% starting material.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4

Hydrofluorination of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂. The experiment outlinedin Comparative Example 3 was repeated using the following materials and reaction conditions: 3.9 g SnCl₄, 20 g HF, and 43.8 g CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ were mixed together and heated to 98°-106° C. for 5 h to give 40 g of liquid product which gaschromatographic analysis indicated consisted of 94% starting material.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5

Hydrofluorination of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂.

The experiment outlined in Comparative Example 3 was repeated using the following materials and reaction conditions: 8.5 g TaF₅, 40.3 g HF, and 47.4 g CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ were mixed together and heated to108° C. for 17.5 h to give 44.3g of product which gas chromatographic analysis indicated consisted of 29% starting material, 1% CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F, 20% C₈ H₆ F₁₀, and 46% polymeric material.

These comparative examples show that use of Lewis acid catalysts and elevated temperatures (the teachings of Henne et al., discussed above) result in either little reaction or unacceptably large quantities of byproducts, such as higher boiling materials.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 6-8

Hydrofluorination of CF₃ CF₂ CH=CH₂ at low temperatures withcatalysts other than SbCl₅.

The experiment outlined in Example 7 above was repeated using each of the following Lewis acid catalysts: TiCl₄, SnCl₄, and BF₃. In each case, none of the desired CF₃ CF₂ CH₂ CH₂ F product was obtained and virtually no reaction occurred. 

We claim:
 1. A process for preparing a fluorinated olefin comprising:a) reacting a compound of the formula RCX_(a) F_(b) ; where R=C_(m) X_(n) F_(o), m≦4, n≦2, m+o=2m+1, X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, and b=0-1, with ethylene in the presence of an addition catalyst and a solvent under conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a+b=3; and, b) reacting a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a+b=3 with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a fluorination catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said compound of the formula RCX_(a) F_(b) ; where R=C_(m) X_(n) F_(o), m≦4, n≦2, m+o=2m+1, X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, and b=0-1 in step a) is selected from the group consisting of: CF₃ CCl₃, CF₂ ClCFCl₂, CF₃ CF₂ CCl₃, ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₃, CCl₃ CF₂ CCl₃, CF₂ BrCF₂ CFBr₂, CF₃ CCl₂ CF₂ CCl₃, (CF₃)(CF₂ Cl)CFCCl₃, (CF₃)₂ CFCCl₃, and ClCF₂ CFClCF₂ CFCl₂.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said compound of the formula RCX_(a) F_(b) ; where R=C_(m) X_(n) F_(o), m≦4, n≦2, m+o=2m+1, X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, and b=0-1 in step a) is selected from the group consisting of: CF₃ CCl₃, CF₂ ClCFCl₂, ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₃ and CCl₃ CF₂ CCl₃.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said addition catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: copper (I) salts), iron (11) salts, and metal carbonyls.
 5. The process of claim 4 wherein said addition catalyst includes an addition co-catalyst.
 6. The process of claim 3 wherein said addition catalyst is cuprous chloride.
 7. The process of claim 6 wherein said solvent is acetonitrile.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein said conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a+b=3 in step (a) are a temperature of from about 50° to about 150° C. and a reaction time of from about 8-72 hours.
 9. The process of claim 7 wherein said conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a+b=3 in step (a) are a temperature of from about 125° to about 150° C. and a reaction time of from about 8-30 hours.
 10. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1, and a+b=3 is selected from the group consisting of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl, ClCF₂ CFClCH₂ CH₂ Cl, and ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl.
 11. The process of claim 9 wherein the compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1, and a+b=3 is selected from the group consisting of CF₃ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl, ClCF₂ CFClCH₂ CH₂ Cl, and ClCF₂ CF₂ CCl₂ CH₂ CH₂ Cl.
 12. The process of claim 1 wherein said hydrogen fluoride is anhydrous.
 13. The process of claim 11 wherein said hydrogen fluoride is anhydrous.
 14. The process of claim 1 wherein said fluorination catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: metal oxides, supported metal oxides, and supported metal halides.
 15. The process of claim 13 wherein said fluorination catalyst is chrome (III) oxide.
 16. The process of claim 1 wherein said conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1 in step (b) are a temperature of from about 150° to about 350° C. and a contact time of from about 0.1-240 seconds.
 17. The process of claim 15 wherein said conditions sufficient to produce a compound of the formula RCF₂ CH=CH₂ where R is C_(x) Cl_(y) F_(z) and y+z=2x+1 in step (b) are a temperature of from about 225° to about 250° C. and a contact time of from about 5-50 seconds.
 18. The process of claim 1 wherein the molar ratio of HF:organics is from about 1 to about 30 moles HF per mole of nonfluorine halogen present.
 19. The process of claim 17 wherein the molar ratio of HF:organics is from about 1 to about 30 moles HF per mole of nonfluorine halogen present.
 20. The process of claim 1 wherein a compound of the formula RCX_(a-1) F_(b) CH₂ CH₂ X where X=Cl or Br, a=2-3, b=0-1 and a+b=3 is recovered prior to step (b).
 21. The process of claim 1 wherein chlorinated by-products of steps a) and b) are recycled to step a).
 22. The process of claim 19 wherein chlorinated by-products of steps a) and b) are recycled to step a). 